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Разработка вакцинных препаратов для профилактики полиомиелита: современное состояние проблемы (обзор)

Разработка вакцинных препаратов для профилактики полиомиелита: современное состояние проблемы (обзор)

А.А. Ишмухаметов, А.А. Синюгина, К.М. Чумаков
Ключевые слова: полиомиелит; полиовирус; живая аттенуированная вакцина; инактивированная вакцина.
2019, том 11, номер 4, стр. 200.

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История разработки и применения вакцин против полиомиелита отражает эволюцию препаратов для вакцинации под воздействием меняющейся эпидемиологической обстановки и социально-экономических факторов.

Разработка двух вакцин против полиомиелита — инактивированной вакцины Солка и живой оральной вакцины из штаммов Сэбина, каждой со своими преимуществами и недостатками, — числится в списке наиболее значимых достижений профилактической медицины прошлого века. За последние 50 лет они применялись в различных условиях, по разным схемам и в различных комбинациях. Это позволило добиться полного устранения полиомиелита почти во всех странах мира. Продолжение деятельности по его ликвидации, возглавляемой ВОЗ, может в скором времени привести к полному прекращению циркуляции диких штаммов вируса. В таком случае полиовирус, как и вирус натуральной оспы, останется лишь в лабораториях. Однако остановить вакцинацию после прекращения циркуляции патогена, как было в случае с уничтожением вируса оспы, не представляется возможным. Вакцины против полиомиелита не потеряют своей актуальности в ближайшем будущем ввиду наличия выраженных различий в свойствах и эпидемиологических характеристиках этих двух вирусов.

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