Изменения сетевых тета- и гамма-осцилляций при развитии нейродегенеративных заболеваний (обзор)

В осуществлении когнитивных функций мозга участвует ритмическая тета- и гамма-активность, регистрируемая в неокортексе и гиппокампе; при многих нейрологических и психиатрических заболеваниях выявлены нарушения этой активности. Болезнь Альцгеймера (БА) и височная эпилепсия (ВЭ) являются наиболее распространенными формами нейродегенеративных заболеваний, характеризующимися прогрессивными нарушениями познавательных функций. Для успешного лечения этих заболеваний очень важна их ранняя диагностика. Проведено множество исследований для выявления признаков развития данных патологий, однако в настоящее время остается большая потребность в таких методах, которые выявляли бы изменения функционирования мозга в миллисекундных интервалах времени, чтобы получить информацию о специфических когнитивных нарушениях.

В настоящем обзоре рассматриваются литературные данные, показывающие, что когерентный анализ ритмической тета- и гамма-активности может быть использован при ранней диагностике БА и ВЭ. Эти данные демонстрируют, что в мозге с развивающимся эпилептическим очагом наблюдаются специфические нарушения когерентности тета- и гамма-осцилляций во многих нейронных сетях мозга: гиппокампальной, гиппокампально-энторинальной, гиппокампально-префронтальной и гиппокампально-септальной. На моделях БА обнаружены значительные изменения тета–гамма-когерентности в субикулуме — структуре, являющейся выходной структурой для гиппокампа; выявлены также нарушения когерентности тета- и гамма-осцилляций в гиппокампально-париетальной и гиппокампально-префронтальной сетях.

Данные, полученные посредством когерентного анализа, в совокупности с фактами, обнаруженными с помощью когнитивных тестов, можно использовать в ранней диагностике нейропатологий с дефицитом познавательных функций.

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