
Candidate Genetic Markers of Schizophrenia Based on Exome Sequencing Data and Its Relation to Immunological, Clinical, and Morphometric Changes in the Russian Population
The aim of the study was to identify genetic markers of schizophrenia based on exome sequencing data, as well as to specify its potential relation to clinical manifestations of the disease, morphological changes in the brain and immune disorders.
Materials and Methods. The analyzed sample consisted of 48 patients (23 men and 25 women; average age — 31.5±7.7 years) having a confirmed diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia.
Results. 140 genes with differential polymorphisms and enriched categories that may be related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia were identified. Analysis of genes with differential frequencies of functionally significant common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by their major functions showed that the most common were genes involved in regulation of immune system functions and development of the nervous system, as well as genes being structural components of neurons and glia involved in the perception of sensory stimuli. The findings confirm the complexity of the genetic basis of schizophrenia. Analysis of the top 10 genes containing the most differential polymorphisms specifies such genes related to schizophrenia as MUC12 and SH3KBP1. The genes involved in regulation of the immune response include HLA-DQB2 which is one of the most significantly different SNPs between the group of patients and the general population; HLA-DQB2 SNP (rs9276572) in patients is related to the signs of dysfunction of the antiviral component of immune system, structural changes in the brain and cognitive challenges. Although most of the detected genes are unique to the sample studied, additional studies are required to confirm these genes’ involvement in the pathogenesis of this disease as well as to identify the mechanisms of the disease onset and development. The rs9276572(C) polymorphism of HLA-DQB2 requires further study as a new potential marker of immunological disorders, morphometric changes in the brain and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. The data obtained indicate the need for personalized medicine, because the majority of genetic prerequisites are patient-specific and highlight the importance of further research to understand the genetic aspects of schizophrenia and develop innovative approaches to its diagnosis and treatment.
- Owen M.J., Sawa A., Mortensen P.B. Schizophrenia. Lancet 2016; 388(10039): 86–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6.
- Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 2014; 511(7510): 421–427, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13595.
- Pardiñas A.F., Holmans P., Pocklington A.J., Escott-Price V., Ripke S., Carrera N., Legge S.E., Bishop S., Cameron D., Hamshere M.L., Han J., Hubbard L., Lynham A., Mantripragada K., Rees E., MacCabe J.H., McCarroll S.A., Baune B.T., Breen G., Byrne E.M., Dannlowski U., Eley T.C., Hayward C., Martin N.G., McIntosh A.M., Plomin R., Porteous D.J., Wray N.R., Caballero A., Geschwind D.H., Huckins L.M., Ruderfer D.M., Santiago E., Sklar P., Stahl E.A., Won H., Agerbo E., Als T.D., Andreassen O.A., Bækvad-Hansen M., Mortensen P.B., Pedersen C.B., Børglum A.D., Bybjerg-Grauholm J., Djurovic S., Durmishi N., Pedersen M.G., Golimbet V., Grove J., Hougaard D.M., Mattheisen M., Molden E., Mors O., Nordentoft M., Pejovic-Milovancevic M., Sigurdsson E., Silagadze T., Hansen C.S., Stefansson K., Stefansson H., Steinberg S., Tosato S., Werge T; GERAD1 Consortium; CRESTAR Consortium; Collier D.A., Rujescu D., Kirov G., Owen M.J., O’Donovan M.C., Walters J.T.R. Common schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes and in regions under strong background selection. Nat Genet 2018; 50(3): 381–389, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0059-2.
- Trubetskoy V., Pardiñas A.F., Qi T., Panagiotaropoulou G., Awasthi S., Bigdeli T.B., Bryois J., Chen C.Y., Dennison C.A., Hall L.S., Lam M., Watanabe K., Frei O., Ge T., Harwood J.C., Koopmans F., Magnusson S., Richards A.L., Sidorenko J., Wu Y., Zeng J., Grove J., Kim M., Li Z., Voloudakis G., Zhang W., Adams M., Agartz I., Atkinson E.G., Agerbo E., Al Eissa M., Albus M., Alexander M., Alizadeh B.Z., Alptekin K., Als T.D., Amin F., Arolt V., Arrojo M., Athanasiu L., Azevedo M.H., Bacanu S.A., Bass N.J., Begemann M., Belliveau R.A., Bene J., Benyamin B., Bergen S.E., Blasi G., Bobes J., Bonassi S., Braun A., Bressan R.A., Bromet E.J., Bruggeman R., Buckley P.F., Buckner R.L., Bybjerg-Grauholm J., Cahn W., Cairns M.J., Calkins M.E., Carr V.J., Castle D., Catts S.V., Chambert K.D., Chan R.C.K., Chaumette B., Cheng W., Cheung E.F.C., Chong S.A., Cohen D., Consoli A., Cordeiro Q., Costas J., Curtis C., Davidson M., Davis K.L., de Haan L., Degenhardt F., DeLisi L.E., Demontis D., Dickerson F., Dikeos D., Dinan T., Djurovic S., Duan J., Ducci G., Dudbridge F., Eriksson J.G., Fañanás L., Faraone S.V., Fiorentino A., Forstner A., Frank J., Freimer N.B., Fromer M., Frustaci A., Gadelha A., Genovese G., Gershon E.S., Giannitelli M., Giegling I., Giusti-Rodríguez P., Godard S., Goldstein J.I., González Peñas J., González-Pinto A., Gopal S., Gratten J., Green M.F., Greenwood T.A., Guillin O., Gülöksüz S., Gur R.E., Gur R.C., Gutiérrez B., Hahn E., Hakonarson H., Haroutunian V., Hartmann A.M., Harvey C., Hayward C., Henskens F.A., Herms S., Hoffmann P., Howrigan D.P., Ikeda M., Iyegbe C., Joa I., Julià A., Kähler A.K., Kam-Thong T., Kamatani Y., Karachanak-Yankova S., Kebir O., Keller M.C., Kelly B.J., Khrunin A., Kim S.W., Klovins J., Kondratiev N., Konte B., Kraft J., Kubo M., Kučinskas V., Kučinskiene Z.A., Kusumawardhani A., Kuzelova-Ptackova H., Landi S., Lazzeroni L.C., Lee P.H., Legge S.E., Lehrer D.S., Lencer R., Lerer B., Li M., Lieberman J., Light G.A., Limborska S., Liu C.M., Lönnqvist J., Loughland C.M., Lubinski J., Luykx J.J., Lynham A., Macek M. Jr, Mackinnon A., Magnusson P.K.E., Maher B.S., Maier W., Malaspina D., Mallet J., Marder S.R., Marsal S., Martin A.R., Martorell L., Mattheisen M., McCarley R.W., McDonald C., McGrath J.J., Medeiros H., Meier S., Melegh B., Melle I., Mesholam-Gately R.I., Metspalu A., Michie P.T., Milani L., Milanova V., Mitjans M., Molden E., Molina E., Molto M.D., Mondelli V., Moreno C., Morley C.P., Muntané G., Murphy K.C., Myin-Germeys I., Nenadić I., Nestadt G., Nikitina-Zake L., Noto C., Nuechterlein K.H., O’Brien N.L., O’Neill F.A., Oh S.Y., Olincy A., Ota V.K., Pantelis C., Papadimitriou G.N., Parellada M., Paunio T., Pellegrino R., Periyasamy S., Perkins D.O., Pfuhlmann B., Pietiläinen O., Pimm J., Porteous D., Powell J., Quattrone D., Quested D., Radant A.D., Rampino A., Rapaport M.H., Rautanen A., Reichenberg A., Roe C., Roffman J.L., Roth J., Rothermundt M., Rutten B.P.F., Saker-Delye S., Salomaa V., Sanjuan J., Santoro M.L., Savitz A., Schall U., Scott R.J., Seidman L.J., Sharp S.I., Shi J., Siever L.J., Sigurdsson E., Sim K., Skarabis N., Slominsky P., So H.C., Sobell J.L., Söderman E., Stain H.J., Steen N.E., Steixner-Kumar A.A., Stögmann E., Stone W.S., Straub R.E., Streit F., Strengman E., Stroup T.S., Subramaniam M., Sugar C.A., Suvisaari J., Svrakic D.M., Swerdlow N.R., Szatkiewicz J.P., Ta T.M.T., Takahashi A., Terao C., Thibaut F., Toncheva D., Tooney P.A., Torretta S., Tosato S., Tura G.B., Turetsky B.I., Üçok A., Vaaler A., van Amelsvoort T., van Winkel R., Veijola J., Waddington J., Walter H., Waterreus A., Webb B.T., Weiser M., Williams N.M., Witt S.H., Wormley B.K., Wu J.Q., Xu Z., Yolken R., Zai C.C., Zhou W., Zhu F., Zimprich F., Atbaşoğlu E.C., Ayub M., Benner C., Bertolino A., Black D.W., Bray N.J., Breen G., Buccola N.G., Byerley W.F., Chen W.J., Cloninger C.R., Crespo-Facorro B., Donohoe G., Freedman R., Galletly C., Gandal M.J., Gennarelli M., Hougaard D.M., Hwu H.G., Jablensky A.V., McCarroll S.A., Moran J.L., Mors O., Mortensen P.B., Müller-Myhsok B., Neil A.L., Nordentoft M., Pato M.T., Petryshen T.L., Pirinen M., Pulver A.E., Schulze T.G., Silverman J.M., Smoller J.W., Stahl E.A., Tsuang D.W., Vilella E., Wang S.H., Xu S.; Indonesia Schizophrenia Consortium; PsychENCODE; Psychosis Endophenotypes International Consortium; SynGO Consortium; Adolfsson R., Arango C., Baune B.T., Belangero S.I., Børglum A.D., Braff D., Bramon E., Buxbaum J.D., Campion D., Cervilla J.A., Cichon S., Collier D.A., Corvin A., Curtis D., Forti M.D., Domenici E., Ehrenreich H., Escott-Price V., Esko T., Fanous A.H., Gareeva A., Gawlik M., Gejman P.V., Gill M., Glatt S.J., Golimbet V., Hong K.S., Hultman C.M., Hyman S.E., Iwata N., Jönsson E.G., Kahn R.S., Kennedy J.L., Khusnutdinova E., Kirov G., Knowles J.A., Krebs M.O., Laurent-Levinson C., Lee J., Lencz T., Levinson D.F., Li Q.S., Liu J., Malhotra A.K., Malhotra D., McIntosh A., McQuillin A., Menezes P.R., Morgan V.A., Morris D.W., Mowry B.J., Murray R.M., Nimgaonkar V., Nöthen M.M., Ophoff R.A., Paciga S.A., Palotie A., Pato C.N., Qin S., Rietschel M., Riley B.P., Rivera M., Rujescu D., Saka M.C., Sanders A.R., Schwab S.G., Serretti A., Sham P.C., Shi Y., St. Clair D., Stefánsson H., Stefansson K., Tsuang M.T., van Os J., Vawter M.P., Weinberger D.R., Werge T., Wildenauer D.B., Yu X., Yue W., Holmans P.A., Pocklington A.J., Roussos P., Vassos E., Verhage M., Visscher P.M., Yang J., Posthuma D., Andreassen O.A., Kendler K.S., Owen M.J., Wray N.R., Daly M.J., Huang H., Neale B.M., Sullivan P.F., Ripke S., Walters J.T.R., O’Donovan M.C.; Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604(7906): 502–508, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04434-5.
- Sullivan P.F., Yao S., Hjerling-Leffler J. Schizophrenia genomics: genetic complexity and functional insights. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25(9): 611–624, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-024-00837-7.
- Singh T., Poterba T., Curtis D., Akil H., Al Eissa M., Barchas J.D., Bass N., Bigdeli T.B., Breen G., Bromet E.J., Buckley P.F., Bunney W.E., Bybjerg-Grauholm J., Byerley W.F., Chapman S.B., Chen W.J., Churchhouse C., Craddock N., Cusick C.M., DeLisi L., Dodge S., Escamilla M.A., Eskelinen S., Fanous A.H., Faraone S.V., Fiorentino A., Francioli L., Gabriel S.B., Gage D., Gagliano Taliun S.A., Ganna A., Genovese G., Glahn D.C., Grove J., Hall M.H., Hämäläinen E., Heyne H.O., Holi M., Hougaard D.M., Howrigan D.P., Huang H., Hwu H.G., Kahn R.S., Kang H.M., Karczewski K.J., Kirov G., Knowles J.A., Lee F.S., Lehrer D.S., Lescai F., Malaspina D., Marder S.R., McCarroll S.A., McIntosh A.M., Medeiros H., Milani L., Morley C.P., Morris D.W., Mortensen P.B., Myers R.M., Nordentoft M., O’Brien N.L., Olivares A.M., Ongur D., Ouwehand W.H., Palmer D.S., Paunio T., Quested D., Rapaport M.H., Rees E., Rollins B., Satterstrom F.K., Schatzberg A., Scolnick E., Scott L.J., Sharp S.I., Sklar P., Smoller J.W., Sobell J.L., Solomonson M., Stahl E.A., Stevens C.R., Suvisaari J., Tiao G., Watson S.J., Watts N.A., Blackwood D.H., Børglum A.D., Cohen B.M., Corvin A.P., Esko T., Freimer N.B., Glatt S.J., Hultman C.M., McQuillin A., Palotie A., Pato C.N., Pato M.T., Pulver A.E., St. Clair D., Tsuang M.T., Vawter M.P., Walters J.T., Werge T.M., Ophoff R.A., Sullivan P.F., Owen M.J., Boehnke M., O’Donovan M.C., Neale B.M., Daly M.J. Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604(7906): 509–516, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04556-w.
- Leger B.S., Meredith J.J., Ideker T., Sanchez-Roige S., Palmer A.A. Rare and common variants associated with alcohol consumption identify a conserved molecular network. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken) 2024; 48(9): 1704–1715, https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15399.
- Ezewudo M., Zwick M.E. Evaluating rare variants in complex disorders using next-generation sequencing. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013; 15(4): 349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0349-4.
- Schreiber M., Dorschner M., Tsuang D. Next-generation sequencing in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B(7): 671–678, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32156.
- Ithal D., Sukumaran S.K., Bhattacharjee D., Vemula A., Nadella R., Mahadevan J., Sud R., Viswanath B., Purushottam M., Jain S. Exome hits demystified: the next frontier. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 59: 102640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102640.
- Kato H., Kimura H., Kushima I., Takahashi N., Aleksic B., Ozaki N. The genetic architecture of schizophrenia: review of large-scale genetic studies. J Hum Genet 2023; 68(3): 175–182, https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-022-01059-4.
- Pouget J.G. The emerging immunogenetic architecture of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44(5): 993–1004, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby038.
- Malashenkova I.K., Krynskiy S.A., Ogurtsov D.P., Mamoshina M.V., Zakharova N.V., Ushakov V.L., Velichkovsky B.M., Didkovsky N.A. A role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 2018; 118(12): 72–80, https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201811812172.
- Mikhalitskaya E.V., Vyalova N.M., Ermakov E.A., Levchuk L.A., Simutkin G.G., Bokhan N.A., Ivanova S.A. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of cytokine genes with depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14(7): 1460, https://doi.org/ 10.3390/genes14071460.
- Malashenkova I.K., Ushakov V.L., Krynskiy S.A., Ogurtsov D.P., Khailov N.A., Ratushnyy A.Yu., Filippova E.A., Zakharova N.V., Kostyuk G.P., Didkovsky N.A. Associations of IL17A G-197A single nucleotide polymorphism with immunological parameters and structural changes of the brain in schizophrenia. Medical Immunology (Russia) 2023; 25(5): 1225–1232, https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-aoi-2806.
- Malashenkova I.K., Ushakov V.L., Krynskiy S.A., Ogurtsov D.P., Chekulaeva E.I., Filippova E.A., Orlov V.A., Zakharova N.V., Andreyuk D.S., Trushchelev S.A., Kostyuk G.P., Didkovsky N.A. Polymorphisms of IL10 immunoregulatory gene impact the morphometric changes of the brain in schizophrenia. In: Samsonovich A.V., Liu T. (editors). Biologically inspired cognitive architectures 2023. BICA 2023. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 1130. Springer, Cham; 2024; p. 577–587, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50381-8_61.
- Morozova A., Zorkina Y., Pavlov K., Pavlova O., Abramova O., Ushakova V., Mudrak A.V., Zozulya S., Otman I., Sarmanova Z., Klyushnik T., Reznik A., Kostyuk G., Chekhonin V. Associations of genetic polymorphisms and neuroimmune markers with some parameters of frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12: 655178, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.655178.
- Duan L., Li S., Chen D., Shi Y., Zhou X., Feng Y. Causality between autoimmune diseases and schizophrenia: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24(1): 817, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06287-w.
- Wang R., Lu J.Y., Herbert D., Lieberman J.A., Meltzer H.Y., Tiwari A.K., Remington G., Kennedy J.L., Zai C.C. Analysis of schizophrenia-associated genetic markers in the HLA region as risk factors for tardive dyskinesia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2024; 39(4): e2898, https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2898.
- Langmead B., Wilks C., Antonescu V., Charles R. Scaling read aligners to hundreds of threads on general-purpose processors. Bioinformatics 2019; 35(3): 421–432, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty648.
- Martin F.J., Amode M.R., Aneja A., Austine-Orimoloye O., Azov A.G., Barnes I., Becker A., Bennett R., Berry A., Bhai J., Bhurji S.K., Bignell A., Boddu S., Branco Lins P.R., Brooks L., Ramaraju S.B., Charkhchi M., Cockburn A., Da Rin Fiorretto L., Davidson C., Dodiya K., Donaldson S., El Houdaigui B., El Naboulsi T., Fatima R., Giron C.G., Genez T., Ghattaoraya G.S., Martinez J.G., Guijarro C., Hardy M., Hollis Z., Hourlier T., Hunt T., Kay M., Kaykala V., Le T., Lemos D., Marques-Coelho D., Marugán J.C., Merino G.A., Mirabueno L.P., Mushtaq A., Hossain S.N., Ogeh D.N., Sakthivel M.P., Parker A., Perry M., Piližota I., Prosovetskaia I., Pérez-Silva J.G., Salam A.I.A., Saraiva-Agostinho N., Schuilenburg H., Sheppard D., Sinha S., Sipos B., Stark W., Steed E., Sukumaran R., Sumathipala D., Suner M.M., Surapaneni L., Sutinen K., Szpak M., Tricomi F.F., Urbina-Gómez D., Veidenberg A., Walsh T.A., Walts B., Wass E., Willhoft N., Allen J., Alvarez-Jarreta J., Chakiachvili M., Flint B., Giorgetti S., Haggerty L., Ilsley G.R., Loveland J.E., Moore B., Mudge J.M., Tate J., Thybert D., Trevanion S.J., Winterbottom A., Frankish A., Hunt S.E., Ruffier M., Cunningham F., Dyer S., Finn R.D., Howe K.L., Harrison P.W., Yates A.D., Flicek P. Ensembl 2023. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51(D1): D933–D941, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac958.
- Quinlan A.R., Hall I.M. BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinformatics 2010; 26(6): 841–842, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq033.
- Li H., Handsaker B., Wysoker A., Fennell T., Ruan J., Homer N., Marth G., Abecasis G., Durbin R.; 1000 Genome Project Data Processing Subgroup. the sequence alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 2009; 25(16): 2078–2079, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352.
- Li H. A statistical framework for SNP calling, mutation discovery, association mapping and population genetical parameter estimation from sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2011; 27(21): 2987–2993, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr509.
- Vaser R., Adusumalli S., Leng S.N., Sikic M., Ng P.C. SIFT missense predictions for genomes. Nat Protoc 2016; 11(1): 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2015.123.
- Sherman B.T., Hao M., Qiu J., Jiao X., Baseler M.W., Lane H.C., Imamichi T., Chang W. DAVID: a web server for functional enrichment analysis and functional annotation of gene lists (2021 update). Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50(W1): W216–W221, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac194.
- Zurlo L., Dal Bò E., Gentili C., Cecchetto C. Olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a comprehensive and updated meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2025; 275: 62–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2024.12.001.
- Morozova S.V., Savvateeva D.M., Timurzieva A.B. Olfactory disorders in patients with psychiatric diseases. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 2014; 114(7): 73–78.
- Turetsky B.I., Moberg P.J., Quarmley M., Dress E., Calkins M.E., Ruparel K., Prabhakaran K., Gur R.E., Roalf D.R. Structural anomalies of the peripheral olfactory system in psychosis high-risk subjects. Schizophr Res 2018; 195: 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.015.
- Ullah M.N., Rowan N.R., Lane A.P. Neuroimmune interactions in the olfactory epithelium: maintaining a sensory organ at an immune barrier interface. Trends Immunol 2024; 45(12): 987–1000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2024.10.005.
- Lenormand C., Bausinger H., Gross F., Signorino-Gelo F., Koch S., Peressin M., Fricker D., Cazenave J.P., Bieber T., Hanau D., de la Salle H., Tourne S. HLA-DQA2 and HLA-DQB2 genes are specifically expressed in human Langerhans cells and encode a new HLA class II molecule. J Immunol 2012; 188(8): 3903–3911, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103048.
- Tamouza R., Krishnamoorthy R., Leboyer M. Understanding the genetic contribution of the human leukocyte antigen system to common major psychiatric disorders in a world pandemic context. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91: 731–739, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.033.
- Mine K.L., Tedesco-Silva H., Mourão T.B., Campos E.F., Salzedas L.A., Aguiar B., Felipe C.R., Medina-Pestana J.O., Gerbase-DeLima M. Heightened expression of HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQB2 in pre-implantation biopsies predicts poor late kidney graft function. Hum Immunol 2018; 79(8): 594–601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2018.05.002.
- Mine K.L., de Marco R., Raimundo T.R.F., Ernesto J.V., Medina-Pestana J.O., Tedesco-Silva H., Gerbase-DeLima M. High soluble HLA-DQB2 levels in posttransplant serum are associated with kidney graft dysfunction. Int J Immunogenet 2022; 49(2): 63–69, https://doi.org/10.1111/iji.12569.
- Wu G., Xiao G., Yan Y., Guo C., Hu N., Shen S. Bioinformatics analysis of the clinical significance of HLA class II in breast cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101(40): e31071, https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000031071.
- Ureña-Guerrero M.E., Castañeda-Cabral J.L., Rivera-Cervantes M.C., Macias-Velez R.J., Jarero-Basulto J.J., Gudiño-Cabrera G., Beas-Zárate C. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of Epo and VEGF: perspectives for new therapeutic approaches to neurological diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26(12): 1263–1276, https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200114104342.
- Pillai A., Howell K.R., Ahmed A.O., Weinberg D., Allen K.M., Bruggemann J., Lenroot R., Liu D., Galletly C., Weickert C.S., Weickert T.W. Association of serum VEGF levels with prefrontal cortex volume in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21(5): 686–692, https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.96.
- Malashenkova I.K., Ushakov V.L., Krynskiy S.A., Ogurtsov D.P., Khailov N.A., Chekulaeva E.I., Filippova E.A., Orlov V.A., Didkovsky N.A., Zakharova N.V., Andreyuk D.A., Kostyuk G.P. Associations of morphometric changes of the brain with the levels of IGF1, a multifunctional growth factor, and with systemic immune parameters reflect the disturbances of neuroimmune interactions in patients with schizophrenia. In: Kryzhanovsky B., Dunin-Barkowski W., Redko V., Tiumentsev Y. (editors). Advances in neural computation, machine learning, and cognitive research VI. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023; p. 167–179, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19032-2_17.
- Yesilkaya U.H., Gica S., Ilnem M.C., Sen M., Ipekcioglu D. Evaluation of IGF-1 as a novel theranostic biomarker for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 140: 172–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.078.
- Allen N.C., Bagade S., McQueen M.B., Ioannidis J.P., Kavvoura F.K., Khoury M.J., Tanzi R.E., Bertram L. Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: the SzGene database. Nat Genet 2008; 40(7): 827–834, https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.171.
- Jia P., Han G., Zhao J., Lu P., Zhao Z. SZGR 2.0: a one-stop shop of schizophrenia candidate genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45(D1): D915–D924, https://doi.org/ 10.1093/nar/gkw902.
- Wu Y., Yao Y.G., Luo X.J. SZDB: a database for schizophrenia genetic research. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43(2): 459–471, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw102.
- Li J., Yoshikawa A., Alliey-Rodriguez N., Meltzer H.Y. Schizophrenia risk loci from xMHC region were associated with antipsychotic response in chronic schizophrenic patients with persistent positive symptom. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12(1): 92, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-01854-9.
- Islam F., Hain D., Lewis D., Law R., Brown L.C., Tanner J.A., Müller D.J. Pharmacogenomics of Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics J 2022; 22(4): 230–240, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-022-00281-9.
- Seshasubramanian V., Raghavan V., SathishKannan A.D., Naganathan C., Ramachandran A., Arasu P., Rajendren P., John S., Mowry B., Rangaswamy T., Narayan S., Periathiruvadi S. Association of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles at amino acid level in individuals with schizophrenia: a study from South India. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47(6): 501–511, https://doi.org/10.1111/iji.12507.
- Katrinli S., Lori A., Kilaru V., Carter S., Powers A., Gillespie C.F., Wingo A.P., Michopoulos V., Jovanovic T., Ressler K.J., Smith A.K. Association of HLA locus alleles with posttraumatic stress disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81: 655–658, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.016.
- Smith K.R., Penzes P. Ankyrins: roles in synaptic biology and pathology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91: 131–139, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.010.
- He F., Zhou Y.M., Qi Y.J., Huang H.H., Guan L., Luo J., Cheng Y.H., Zheng Y. Exploration of mutated genes and prediction of potential biomarkers for childhood-onset schizophrenia using an integrated bioinformatic analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14: 829217, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.829217.
- Chen J., Zhao X., Cui L., He G., Wang X., Wang F., Duan S., He L., Li Q., Yu X., Zhang F., Xu M. Genetic regulatory subnetworks and key regulating genes in rat hippocampus perturbed by prenatal malnutrition: implications for major brain disorders. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12(9): 8434–8458, https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103150.